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WahhabismWahhabism is an eighteenth-century movement within Sunni Islam founded by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab. Its alliance with the Saudi ruling house shaped the first Saudi state, religious practice in the kingdom, and later debates over political Islam and jihadist movements.September 11 attacksOn September 11, 2001, nineteen al-Qaeda hijackers seized four passenger aircraft in the United States, destroyed the World Trade Center towers and struck the Pentagon. They killed 2,977 people, excluding the hijackers, and prompted a United States campaign against al-Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan.Salman of Saudi ArabiaSalman bin Abdulaziz has been king of Saudi Arabia since January 2015. His reign has been marked by the rise of his son Mohammed bin Salman, military intervention in Yemen, rivalry with the Iranian regime and cautious engagement with Israel.Red SeaThe Red Sea connects the Suez Canal with the Indian Ocean through Bab el-Mandeb. Its shipping lanes are vital to Israel, Egypt and international trade, and have been disrupted by attacks from the Iran-backed Houthis.Persian GulfThe Persian Gulf is a regional sea bordered by Iran and seven Arab states. Its outlet through the Strait of Hormuz carries a major share of the world’s oil exports, making the gulf central to trade, regional security and relations among Iran, its neighbors and the United States.Organisation of Islamic CooperationFounded after the 1969 arson attack at Jerusalem’s Al-Aqsa Mosque, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation is a 57-member intergovernmental diplomatic bloc. Its positions on armed struggle, religious expression and Israel have shaped debates at the United Nations and the International Court of Justice.Middle EastThe Middle East is a region linking Israel, neighboring Arab countries, Iran and surrounding lands at a strategic gateway between Europe, Asia and Africa. Its ancient cultures, religious traditions, energy resources and waterways have shaped world history and modern international affairs.Khobar Towers bombingOn June 25, 1996, a truck bomb struck a housing complex for U.S. Air Force personnel in Dhahran, Saudi Arabia, killing 19 airmen and injuring hundreds. Saudi Hizballah carried out the attack with support from Lebanese Hezbollah; a U.S. federal court later found Iran and the IRGC liable.
