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Van, TurkeyVan is a city on the eastern shore of Lake Van in eastern Turkey. Its history encompasses the kingdom of Urartu, ancient Armenia, a substantial Jewish community and the deportations carried out by Shapur II in the fourth century.Treaty of SèvresSigned by the Ottoman Empire and the victorious First World War Allies on August 10, 1920, the Treaty of Sèvres proposed a far-reaching partition of Ottoman territory. Turkish military victories led to its replacement by the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923, ending its proposed path to Kurdish statehood.TigrisThe Tigris rises in Turkey and flows through Iraq, where its waters helped sustain Mesopotamia’s earliest civilizations. The river also figures in the Hebrew Bible and Jewish tradition, divided Mosul during the battle against Islamic State, and remains central to Iraq’s water security.Syriac Orthodox ChurchThe Syriac Orthodox Church is an ancient Oriental Orthodox communion rooted in the Patriarchate of Antioch. Its West Syriac worship and communal institutions have endured theological division, mass violence, displacement and modern political upheaval.Middle EastThe Middle East is a region linking Israel, neighboring Arab countries, Iran and surrounding lands at a strategic gateway between Europe, Asia and Africa. Its ancient cultures, religious traditions, energy resources and waterways have shaped world history and modern international affairs.Justice and Development PartyTurkey’s Justice and Development Party, known as the AKP, has dominated national politics since its 2002 election victory. Founded by Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, it combined early economic growth and a European Union agenda with a later concentration of power, pressure on independent media and an increasingly contentious foreign policy.İzmirİzmir, ancient Smyrna, is an Aegean city in western Turkey whose history spans an ancient Jewish community, a major Ottoman trading port, the destruction of 1922, and modern debates over religious freedom and security.Hakan FidanHakan Fidan is Turkey’s foreign minister and former intelligence director. A close ally of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, he has shaped Turkish security policy and diplomacy toward Iraq, Syria, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia and Israel.
